tode-tem3

toc = //Ice Strength// =

//Broad Question//
How thick will ice on a frozen lake have to be to hold a human, and a truck?

//Specific Question//
What will the depth of ice need to be to hold 1lb, 5lb, 10lb?

//Variables//
Independent Variable:Mass(lb) Dependent Variable:Depth of ice(inches)

//Variables That Need To Be Controlled://
Temperature Weights

//Hypothesis://
I hypothesize that you will need 3 inches of ice for 1lb, 6 inches for 5lb, and 1ft for 10lb.

//Experimental Design//
I will be conducting my experiment about ice strength at my house, this would be the easiest because I would have all my equipment already there for my experiment. I believe I can conduct this experiment on my own. Just to be sure I don’t get hurt in any way my father will be with me supervising and maybe help collect some of the data. I will be have ten trials for each weight that is placed on the ice, I believe this will be a reliable and effective way. Ten trails for each is neither to little nor too many trials.  Since this will be outside but right next to my house, I will be collecting the data on a piece of paper. I will then transfer it to my computer to be put with all the other information. To prove that I had actually performed the experiment, I plan on video taping the experiment in progress. Once the experiment is done, I can upload the video into my computer and simply email my science teacher the proof that I had done this experiment.

**Materials List**

 * Different massed weights
 * Pencil
 * Clipboard
 * Lined pieces of paper
 * 2 small pieces of wood equal in length, width, and height
 * Different height sized ice squares of the same length and width
 * Video camera

**Detailed Procedure**

 * 1) Head outside of house.
 * 2) Place video camera where it will be recording the entire experiment the whole time.
 * 3) Place the two equally sized pieces of wood exactly 1 1/2ft. away from each other.
 * 4) Place different depths of ice on both boards so that only 1 inch of the rectangle of ice is connecting both pieces of wood.
 * 5) Place the smallest weight on the middle of the ice.
 * 6) Find which rectangle of ice has enough depth to hold the weight that is placed on it.
 * 7) Collect data.
 * 8) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #800080; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Repeat steps 4-6 with the 5lb weight.
 * 9) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #800080; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Collect data.
 * 10) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #800080; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Repeat steps 4-6 with the 10lb weight.
 * 11) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #800080; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Collect data.
 * 12) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #800080; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Take camera and put the video on the computer.
 * 13) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #800080; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Email the video to Science teacher.

//Background Research//
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #800000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The figures in the table below are for clear, blue ice on lakes and ponds. Reduce strength values 15% for clear blue, river ice. Slush or snow (white) ice is only one-half the strength of blue ice and can be very treacherous. "Honeycombed" ice, which occurs in the spring or during major winter thaws as the ice is melting, is the most dangerous ice, and best avoided unless the angler is certain there is a safe layer of solid ice beneath the honeycombed surface.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #800000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Figure 3 shows schematic stress-strain curves. At low rates of deformation, cracks do not form, and the material is ductile (curves I). At high rates, cracks do initiate, and the material is brittle (curves III) independent of stress state. At intermediate strain rates, cracks also develop, and the material is brittle under tension (curve TII) but ductile under compression (curve CII). The ductile-brittle transition occurs at lower strain rates under tension because the applied stress opens the cracks directly. Under compression, the required tensile stress is generated locally through crack sliding. Note that the compressive stress-strain curve at intermediate strain rates displays a peak owing, we believe, to crack-induced localized flow.

http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQAOO-I3BxZRVesQhBtLPGgdvk5-N24QUWcmcOhkwo8dSCC_OU8

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #800000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Clear ice (or blue/black) is the strongest type of ice. This usually forms to the bottom of existing ice. Snow (white) ice should be considered up to 50% weaker than clear ice of the same thickness. Often you will have mixed or layered ice layers where you have a snow ice on top of clear ice. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #800000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">As a general rule, river ice should be considered 15% weaker than lake ice, and will have less uniform thickness. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #800000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">All ice thickness guidelines refer to water-supported, clear ice. You should have 10cm of clear ice for one person to safely operate on. Remember that, depending on the type of ice, it can be very thick without any load bearing capability at all.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #800000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">A temperature model has been developed fundamental parameters, ice cohesion, internal friction <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #800000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">that describes the ice strength in a multiaxial stress angle, and ice melting pressure, which all have a <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #800000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">state over a wide spectrum of negative temperatures, definite physical meaning and are functions of <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #800000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The model takes into account the anomalous behavior temperature. The model has been verified using test <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #800000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">of ice under high hydrostatic pressure, when its strength data on the strength of iceberg ice and laboratoryreaches <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #800000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">a maximum, and then gradually decreases made polycrystalline freshwater ice under triaxial <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #800000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">with the pressure increase. It has been shown that compression at strain rates between 10~ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #800000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">3 and ^O^b s-' <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #800000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">strength of ice under high hydrostatic pressure is de- over the temperature range between -1 ° and <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #800000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">scribed by a parabolic yield criterion with only three -40°C.

**//References//**
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #6a08e1; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Bodach, Vijaya K. States of Matter. New York: Material World, 2006. Print.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #6a08e1; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Clark, Patrick J. "Determining Ice Strength 101." Raven Rescue. Winter 2010. Web. 19 Jan. 2012. <http://www.ravenrescue.com/index.php/blog/detail/determining-ice-strength-101/>.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #6a08e1; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">MacCallum, Wayne F. "Ice Strength & Safety Tips." MassWildlife Massachusetts Division of fisheries & wildlife. Massachusetts Fish & Game, 14 Feb. 2011. Web. 18 Jan. 2012.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #6a08e1; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Schulson, Erland M. "The Structure and Mechanical Behavior of Ice." TMS. 14 Apr. 2008. Web. 19 Jan. 2012. <http://www.tms.org/pubs/journals/JOM/9902/Schulson-9902.html>.

//Data Table//
media type="custom" key="12295132"

http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQsgV_g1D3cggxozOR9rRTqIQGjPaD8krqFaDl2GzE8fAzyL73ARw

//Conclusion//
==== The original purpose of this experiment was to know when it would be safe for a human to walk on ice. The results of this experiment were one pound needed .35 inches of ice to be held, 5 pounds needed .55 inches of ice, 10 pounds needed .79 inches of ice depth to be held on. ====

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//Discussion//
My hypothesis was that you would need three inches of ice for one pound, six inches for five pounds, and one foot for ten pounds. My results did not support my hypothesis. There is a relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Some patterns and trends that my data shows are that when the mass of the weights increase on the ice, the ice depth needed increase. Every weight that we had on the ice, was consistent with the ice depth. I think the tests I did went smoothly. When I was testing there were no problems with how the experiment ran. The procedure went as written and no one got hurt. If I could improve my experiment, I would freeze more pieces of ice to have a more accurate data. An interesting future study might involve what could make ice a stronger substance or weaker substance.

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