jacc-tem1

Title
Citrus Sensation!

Problem Scenario
How to get citric acid or Vitamin C out of a plethora of different Citric fruits.

Broad Question
Do different fruits hold different juices?

Specific Question
What type of citrus fruit has the most Vitamin C?

Hypothesis
The grapefruit would hold the most Vitamin C because of its size and the amount of fruit within it.



[[image:jacc-tem1_(2).jpg width="420" height="321"]]
= Variables: =

Independent Variable:
Citrus fruit

Dependent Variable:
Amount of Vitamin C.

Variables That Need To Be Controlled:

 * Same equipment
 * Same Iodine solution
 * Same Starch solution
 * Same Volume

Vocabulary List That Needs Explanation
**Iodine** - noun ( // Chemistry) //. a nonmetallic halogen element occurring at ordinary temperatures as a grayish-black crystalline solid that sublimes to a dense violet vapor when heated: used in medicine as an antiseptic.

**Pipette -** noun, a slender graduated tube used in a laboratory for measuring and transferring quantities of liquids from one container to another.

**Acidity** - noun, excessive acid quality,as of the gastric juice.

**Citric Acid** **–** noun; a white, crystalline, water-soluble powder, C 6 H 8 O 7 ⋅H 2 O, a tribasic acid having a strong acidic taste, an intermediate in the [|__metabolism__] of [|__carbohydrates__] occurring in many fruits, especially limes and lemons, obtained chiefly by fermentation of [|__crude__] sugar or corn sugar: used chiefly in the flavoring of beverages, confections, and pharmaceuticals.  **Juice –**noun; the natural fluid, fluid content, or liquid part that can be extracted from a plant or one of its parts, especially of a fruit.  **Volume –** noun; the amount of space, measured in cubic units, that an [|object] or substance occupies.  **Distilled Water –** noun; water from [|__which__] impurities, as dissolved salts and colloidal particles, have been removed by one or more processes of distillation; chemically pure water.  **Abstract –** noun; a summary of a text, scientific article, document, speech, etc.; epitome.  **Hypothesis –**  noun; a mere assumption or guess.
 * Distilled water ** - noun, has virtually al l of its impurities removed through distillation. Distillation involves boiling the water and then condensing the steam into a clean container,leaving nearly all of the solid contaminants behind.

General Plan
My general plan would to see just if I can get any juice out of these citric fruits to test for vitamin c in them.

Potential Problems And Solutions
Starch Indicator Solution How long will it keep?

Safety Or Environmental Concerns

 * Iodine solution
 * Starch Indicator solution
 * Vitamin C

Controlled, manipulated experiment
Yes, the project is a controlled, manipulated experiment.

Number Of Trials:
3 for each fruit type Number Of Subjects In Each trial: One subject

When data will be collected
All the way through month of March

Number of Observations:
As many as I feel neccessary for the project.

Where will data be collected?:
In my science notebook that I will transfer to the wikipage.

Resources and Budget Table

 * Poster Board || Staples || $5.99 ||
 * Grapefruit || Hannaford || $10.00 ||
 * Oranges || Hannaford || $10.00 ||
 * Lemons || Hannaford || $10.00 ||
 * Limes || Hannaford || $10.00 ||
 * Iodine Solution || Mr. Biche || Free ||
 * Distilled water || Hannaford || $1.00 ||
 * Vitamin C tablets || Mr. Biche || Free ||
 * Starch Indicator Solution || Mr. Biche || $9.50 ||

Data Tables
//**Iodine average**// //** Solutions **//

//** Fruit juice in ml. **//

Background Research
Vitamin C is required for the growth and repair of tissues for all the parts of your body. You need to form collagen, which is an important protein used to make skin, tendons, ligaments, scar tissue, and blood vessels. Vitamin C is essential for wound healing, and for the maintenance and repair of cartilage, bones, and teeth. Vitamin C is an antioxidant of many. Antioxidants can help reduce the damage to one body caused by the pollutants and toxic chemicals such as cigarette smoke.

Lack of Vitamin C can lead to dry or splitting hair; gingivitis (inflammation of the gums) and bleeding gums; also rough, dry, and scaly skin; as well as wound-healing rate, easy bruising; nosebleeds; weakened enamel of the teeth; swollen and painful joints; anemia; decreased ability to ward off infection; and, possibly, weight gain because of slowed metabolic rate and energy expenditure. A severe form of vitamin C deficiency is known as scurvy, which mainly affects older adults. The body does not manufacture vitamin C on its own, or does it store it. So that its important to include plenty of vitamin C-containing foods in your daily diet.

A starch indicator helps when using a pipette to drop iodine. When the color changes would determine how much acidity is in that certain amount of liquid therefore revealing the real Vitamin C. in the juice. Citrus fruits known as acid fruits are the most tangy, sometimes sour fruits are excellent foods. Citric acid is a bitter acid found naturally in many fruits which is what dissolves into the juice of the fruit.

Iodine dissolves in water but only slightly.It can also dissolve in many other liquids as well.Be careful in handling iodine. It can stain clothing, equipment and skin. DO NOT put iodine in your mouth and DO NOT eat any tested foods, as iodine can be poisonous. Wash your hands and throw everything away when done.Iodine dissolves only slightly in water. But it dissolves in many other liquids to give distinctive purple solutions. If heated under the proper conditions, it can be made to melt at 113.5°C (236.3°F) and to boil at 184°C (363°F)When a mixture of substances containing iodine is heated, the iodine sublimes. It can then be collected and purified.One reason that tincture of iodine is used less today is that it can also cause problems. In higher doses, iodine can irritate or burn the skin. It can also be quite poisonous if taken internally. Iodine kills bacteria and other disease-causing organisms.Iodine is also used to make dyes, photographic film, and specialized soaps.

You need vitamin C for the growth and repair of tissues in all parts of your body. It helps the body make collagen, an important protein used to make skin, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and blood vessels. Vitamin C is needed for healing wounds, and for repairing and maintaining bones and teeth. Vitamin C is an antioxidant, and many other plant-based nutrients. Antioxidants block some of the damage caused by free radicals, substances that damage DNA. Therefore stating that vitamin C is efficient for a healthy body and without it we wouldn't survive long.

Detailed Procedure
1.First I read through my science fair packet to do my experiment. 2.After that you would need to go home and get your citrus fruit. 3.But before that you need to get used to using a pipette by dropping iodine into a open vial and calculate the average. 4.After that you'd need to get a vitamin C. tablet and crush it with a spoon into a small plastic container. Puttin gdistilled water would give it your fruit juice. You'd have to put in 10 drops of the starch indicator solution and then count how many drops of iodine you put in to get a proportion of the drops it takes to get a 250 mg tablet to turn a black and blue color. 5.Then you would start juicing your fruits. Get a juicer it will work a lot better than your hands. 6.Squeeze the juice into large cups. 7.Repeat with iodine and starch by putting in 20 ml of juice every time into a open vial and run 3 trials for that. (look above to second table down) 8.Complete that process but make sure you measure the amount of juice that came out in a flask before running trials. 9.Massing the fruits might be a good idea as well. 10.Use your math skills to make numbers and calculate data. 11.You should be recording all your data to put in tables and graphs so you can fill in your wikipage.

All Raw Data
//**Iodine average**// //** Solutions **//
 * 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 ||
 * 36 || 41 || 38 || 42 || 34 ||
 * v.c/ml || 20 ml orange juice || 20 ml grapefruit juice || 20 ml lime juice || 20 ml lemon juice ||
 * 43 || 28 || 38 || 18 || 28 ||
 * 39 || 29 || 36 || 20 || 25 ||
 * 44 || 31 || 37 || 18 || 27 ||

//** Fruit juice in ml. **//
 * Grapefruit || 87 ||
 * Orange || 61 ||
 * Lemon || 19 ||
 * Lime || 14 ||

Graphs




Photos
==   ==

Data Analysis
For my experiment I had taken the juice and measured it after I juiced the orange, grapefruit, lemon(s), and lime(s). Then I had to use those to get averages from the three trials on each fruit therefore converting the fruit and juice within it to the amount of vitamin C in grams. That would give me my data for this experiment concluding what I have done and giving this science project something to look on.

Conclusion
My hypothesis states that the grapefruit will hold the most vitamin C. My hypothesis is correct. I came very close to the exact amounts on my hypothesis graphs. I was also at a turn thinking that orange would carry more vitamin C. as well as the grapefruit. No wonder people have you eat grapefruit in the morning. So from that I also discovered that all of the fruits I picked all seem to have a good deal of vitamin C. within them except the lime. Just a little less then I had expected. Although maybe it was because of the way the juicing took place. But both one lime and one lemon have less than 20 ml of juice discluding all the chemicals and antioxidants in them. Concluding that all my hypothesis(s) are correct plus my data I have closed this experiment.

Discussion
Some patterns that I noticed were that in my data the iodine seemed to dissolve slightly in the vitamin C. but would dissapear every time making it clear again with no added color. Same thing with water as well it just dissolves. Its almost like the starch indicator solution (being clear) when made right so that it will dissolve into the liquids. There were obvious patterns in the data which showed me tha the grapefruit had the most content. A big large round yellow skinned fruit with a sour pink flesh. Probably one of the largest fruits it doesn't have a regular size sort of varies.The orange is used for juicing which fit its name bits color. A rounder orange shin with orange flesh. They seem to have one sort of size a little smaller than the grapefruit. The lime one of the smallest citric fruit can be eaten but has a green skin and a yellowish green flesh. More of a cooking item than fora eating food it still has a lot for such small size. The yellow lemon coming small and big is yellow skin and a yellow flesh with seeds. These four fruits seem to be reaaly good for you with pretty high vitamin C. content. Next time I would probably use a different variety of more exotic fruits to see the conten in them from other parts of the world.

Benefit to Community and/or Science
A good way to keep yourself and your body healthy would be to start having vitamin C. If you lack Vitamin C. your body will start to die if you lack since the vitamin C. helps make and is an important ingredient for a healthy body. People need to know this for future because body defiency and lazienesswill kill you so you need to know in order to make life better and that your not sick or ill in any way.

Abstract
Do different citrus fruits contain higher amounts of vitamin C? and do you know how much your get getting from one of these fruits? During my project I'll be able to tell you how much these fruits contain using a pipette to drop iodine in with a starch solution. Using a variety of fruits from around the U.S. you will know what you are getting from these fruits content of vitamin C. wise. My results came out and now you will be able to know about vitamin.